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Vector Search Benchmarks

Compares vector similarity search engines on insert throughput, search latency, and recall across multiple embedding models, dataset sizes, and corpus types.

Engines

Engine Library Method Strategy
muninn-hnsw muninn HNSW graph index Approximate, O(log N) search
sqlite-vector-quantize sqlite-vector Product Quantization Approximate, O(N) scan
sqlite-vector-fullscan sqlite-vector Brute-force Exact, O(N) scan
vectorlite-hnsw vectorlite HNSW via hnswlib Approximate, O(log N) search
sqlite-vec-brute sqlite-vec Brute-force KNN Exact, O(N) scan

Datasets

Dataset Source Passages Topology
AG News HuggingFace ~120K 4 discrete clusters
Wealth of Nations Project Gutenberg ~2,500 (256-token windows, 50-token overlap) Continuous conceptual gradient

Embedding Models

Model Dimension Params Doc Prefix Query Prefix
MiniLM 384 22M (none) (none)
NomicEmbed 768 137M "search_document: " "search_query: "
BGE-Large 1024 335M (none) "Represent this sentence for se..."

Search Latency — AG News

Search Latency vs Dataset Size (MiniLM / AG News)

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Search Latency vs Dataset Size (NomicEmbed / AG News)

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Search Latency vs Dataset Size (BGE-Large / AG News)

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Cross-Model Comparison — AG News

Cross-Model Comparison (AG News)

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1.0683333333333334, 0.332 ], "marker": { "color": "hsl(210, 70%, 35%)", "size": 7 }, "line": { "color": "hsl(210, 70%, 35%)", "width": 2 }, "opacity": 0.6, "legendgroup": "vectorlite_hnsw", "legendgrouptitle": { "text": "vectorlite-hnsw" }, "error_y": { "type": "data", "symmetric": false, "array": [ 0.015682926829268293, 0.12117073170731708, 0.18236585365853655, 0.5008292682926829, 1.1682432432432432, 0.5656666666666665, 0.0 ], "arrayminus": [ 0.026317073170731706, 0.08682926829268292, 0.13163414634146342, 0.28617073170731705, 0.5147567567567568, 0.7733333333333334, 0.0 ], "visible": true } } ], "layout": { "title": { "text": "Cross-Model Comparison (AG News)" }, "xaxis": { "title": { "text": "Dataset Size (N vectors)" }, "type": "log" }, "yaxis": { "title": { "text": "Search Latency (ms)" }, "type": "log" }, "template": "plotly_white", "legend": { "orientation": "v", "yanchor": "top", "y": 0.99, "xanchor": "left", "x": 1.02, "groupclick": "togglegroup" } } }

Search Latency — Wealth of Nations

Search Latency vs Dataset Size (MiniLM / Wealth of Nations)

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Search Latency vs Dataset Size (NomicEmbed / Wealth of Nations)

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Search Latency vs Dataset Size (BGE-Large / Wealth of Nations)

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Cross-Model Comparison — Wealth of Nations

Cross-Model Comparison (Wealth of Nations)

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"color": "hsl(210, 78%, 47%)", "width": 2 }, "opacity": 0.6, "legendgroup": "vectorlite_hnsw", "legendgrouptitle": { "text": "vectorlite-hnsw" }, "error_y": { "type": "data", "symmetric": false, "array": [ 0.016097560975609757, 0.0984878048780488, 0.14495121951219514, 0.19171875000000002 ], "arrayminus": [ 0.018902439024390243, 0.06751219512195121, 0.09404878048780489, 0.11428125 ], "visible": true } }, { "type": "scatter", "mode": "lines+markers", "name": "vectorlite-hnsw / NomicEmbed", "x": [ 100, 500, 1000, 1850 ], "y": [ 0.04570731707317073, 0.1234047619047619, 0.15909756097560976, 0.21021428571428574 ], "marker": { "color": "hsl(210, 70%, 35%)", "size": 7 }, "line": { "color": "hsl(210, 70%, 35%)", "width": 2 }, "opacity": 0.6, "legendgroup": "vectorlite_hnsw", "legendgrouptitle": { "text": "vectorlite-hnsw" }, "error_y": { "type": "data", "symmetric": false, "array": [ 0.01829268292682927, 0.11159523809523808, 0.1849024390243902, 0.27778571428571425 ], "arrayminus": [ 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Dataset Comparison

Dataset Comparison (MiniLM)

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Dataset Comparison (NomicEmbed)

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0.027, 0.068, 0.121, 0.24175 ], "marker": { "color": "hsl(175, 70%, 35%)", "size": 7 }, "line": { "color": "hsl(175, 70%, 35%)", "width": 2 }, "opacity": 0.6, "legendgroup": "sqlite_vector_quantize_scan", "legendgrouptitle": { "text": "sqlite-vector-quantize" }, "error_y": { "type": "data", "symmetric": false, "array": [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.019250000000000017 ], "arrayminus": [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.024749999999999994 ], "visible": true } }, { "type": "scatter", "mode": "lines+markers", "name": "vectorlite-hnsw / ag-news", "x": [ 100, 500, 1000, 5000, 10000, 50000, 100000 ], "y": [ 0.04731707317073171, 0.12282926829268291, 0.17263414634146343, 0.34217073170731704, 0.5817567567567568, 1.0683333333333334, 0.332 ], "marker": { "color": "hsl(210, 85%, 58%)", "size": 7 }, "line": { "color": "hsl(210, 85%, 58%)", "width": 2 }, "opacity": 0.6, "legendgroup": "vectorlite_hnsw", "legendgrouptitle": { "text": "vectorlite-hnsw" }, "error_y": { "type": "data", "symmetric": false, "array": [ 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Dataset Comparison (BGE-Large)

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Recall

Recall@k (AG News)

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Recall@k (Wealth of Nations)

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Insert Throughput

Insert Throughput (AG News)

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Insert Throughput (Wealth of Nations)

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Storage

Storage (AG News)

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Storage (Wealth of Nations)

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